Visibletrade有形贸易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)
Invisibletrade无形贸易:Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.
FDI(foreigndirectinvestments)ismadeofreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.
Portfolioinvestment证券投资:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.
Stocks股票:Capitalstocksorbonds.
Bonds债券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.
Licensing许可经营:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.
Franchising特许经营:afirmcalledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.
Franchiser特许方:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.
Franchisee被特许方:Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.
Managementcontract管理合同:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.
Turnkeyproject“交钥匙”工程:afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.
Internationalinvestment国际投资:Supplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.
Internationalbusiness国际商务:Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.
BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,OforoperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuldingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.
GNP国民生产总值:GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.
GDP国内生产总值:GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.
PercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值:ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.
Incomedistribution收入分布:Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedontakeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortstoengagein
Freetradearea自由贸易区:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicy
Customsunion关税同盟:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy
Commonmarket共同市场:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.
EconomicUnion(EU)经济同盟:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.
ParentMNCheadquarter跨国公司母公司总部istheoriginalinvestingmultinationalcorporation.ItisalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.
MNC跨国公司=TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.
MNE跨国企业:Multinationalenterprise:Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompanies
incorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.
Homecounty母国:Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.Hostcountry东道国:Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.
Absoluteadvantage绝对利益:Itholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,landandlabor)
Comparativeadvantage比较利益:Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
Internationaltrade国际贸易:Theexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanothersufficient.
Primarycommoditiesthosecommoditiesnotprocessedoronlyslightlyprocessedusuallyfarmproduceorrawmaterials.
Specialization专业化:Torestrictone’seconomicactivitiestocertainparticularfields.Importduties进口关税:TariffsleviedongoodsenteringanareaExportduties出口关税:Taxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea
Tariff关税:Ataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomarea.
Quota配额:Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.Itisthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.
Drawback退税:Dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:AtarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountryContractproper
themainbodyofacontract
Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则:Itisasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.
Tradetermsaretermsusedininternationaltradetodescribethegeneralinformationaboutthe
trade,suchastheunitpriceportofshipment,portofdestinationandthekindofcurrency.
Protectionismisatradebarriertointernationaltradeforthepurposeofprotectinganation’sowndomesticmarketandindustries.Itincludestariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.
Amultinationalenterpriseisabusinessorganizationwhichowns,controlsandmanagesassets,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporated.Multi-modeltransportation:
Inquiry/enquiry询盘、询价:Itismadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications,prices,timeofshipmentandotherterms.Quotation报盘:Estimateofhowmuchsomethingwillcost
Counteroffer还盘:NewoffermadebytheoriginaloffereetotheoriginaloffererOfferee收盘人
Afirstenquiry首次询价:AnenquirysenttoanexporterwhomtheimporterhasneverdealtwithAcontract一个合同:AnagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantpartiesAfirmoffer一个实盘:Statementthatyouarewillingtopayacertainamountofmoneytobysomething.
Forcemajeure不可抗力:isadefaultofthecontractwhichisgivenrisetonotbecauseofthecontractingparties’default,butoftheuncontrollablecauses.Onetypeofthecauseisthenaturalforceandtheotherissocialcause.Orsocialornaturalcalamitiesthattakeplacebeyondthecontrolofacontractingparty
Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀isakindofinflationinwhichthemarketpricesaresoaringquickly.Thedevaluationrateofthecurrencyisastronomical.Thenormaleconomicactivitiesareoutoftheorder,andfinallyleadtothecollapseofthewholemonetarysystem.
inflation:Riseinpricesbroughtaboutbytheexcessdemand,expansionofmoneysupply,creditetcDevaluation贬值
Barter易货贸易:Thedirectexchangeofgoodsandservices,whichiscompletedinashortperiodoftime.
Counterpurchase反向购买、互购贸易:Theassumptionbyanexporterofatransferableobligationthroughseparatebutlinkedcontracttoacceptasfullorpartialpaymentgoodsandservicesfromtheimporterorimportingcountry.
Buyback回购贸易:Anagreementbyanexporterofplantandequipmenttotakebackinthefuturepartoftheoutputproducedbythesegoodsasfullorpartialpayment.
Remittance汇付:Thismethodisalwaysemployedbythepartieswhoarefamiliarwithandtrusteachother
Documentarydraft跟单汇票:Thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocuments.
Documentarycollection跟单托收:Itismeansofensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddate.
Payee收款人、领款人:Thepersonreceivingthepayment.
Sightdraft即期汇票:Thedraftcallsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.Usancedraft远期汇票Termdraft=Tenordraft:Thedraftispayableatalaterdateonpresentationtothedrawee.
Draft汇票:=Billofexchange.Itisanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.Drawer出票人:Thepersonwhodrawsthedraft(usuallytheexporter)Drawee受票人:Thepersontowhomthedraftisdrawn.Cleandraft光票:Thedraftwithoutdocuments
Applicant(OpenerorPrincipal)申请人:ThepersonwhoinstructshisbanktoissueanL/C.(theimporter)
applicantofanL/C:TheimporterthatgoestoabankfortheestablishmentofanL/COpeningbank(Issuingbank,Establishingbank)开证行:Thebankthatissuesthecredit.
Openingbank:thebankthatissuestheletterofcreditiscalledtheopeningbank.Beneficiary受益人:Theexporterinwhosefavorthecreditisopened
Correspondentband往来行、关系行:Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichtheopeningbanksendsthecredittoit
Advisingbank通知行:Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichadvisestheexportertheL/C,isreceived.
Confirmingbank保兑行:Thebankaddsitsconfirmationtothecredit.
TheletterofCredit(L/C、L/C)信用证:Thecreditisaletterissuedbyabankattherequestoftheimporterinwhichthebankpromisestopayuponpresentationoftherelevantdocuments.Payingbank付款行:Thebankacceptsornegotiatesthebillofexchange.
Negotiatingbank议付行:Thebankbuystheexporter’sdraftsubmittedtoitunderacredit.Recipient:Apersonoranorganizationetc.thatreceivessomething
2015年8月
资料来源：育明考研考博官网www.yumingedu.com
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容