卷1
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying“Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.”You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At theend of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。
1. A) The rock band needs more hours of practice. B) The rock band is going to play here for a month. C) Their hard work has resulted in a big success. D) He appreciates the woman‟s help with the band. 2. A) Go on a diving tour in Europe. C) Travel overseas on his own. B) Add 300 dollars to his budget. D) Join a package tour to Mexico. 3. A) In case some problem should occur. C) To avoid more work later on. B) Something unexpected has happened. D) To make better preparations. 4. A) The woman asked for a free pass to try out the facilities.
B) The man is going to renew his membership in a fitness center. C) The woman can give the man a discount if he joins the club now. D) The man can try out the facilities before he becomes a member. 5. A) He is not afraid of challenge. B) He is not fit to study science. C) He is worried about the test.
D) He is going to drop the physics course 6. A) Pay for part of the picnic food. C) Buy something special for Gary. B) Invite Gary‟s family to dinner. D) Take some food to the picnic. 7. A) Bus drivers‟ working conditions. C)Public transportation.
B) A labor dispute at a bus company. D) A corporate takeover. 8. A) The bank statement. C) The payment for an order. B) Their sales overseas. D) The check just deposited.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 9. A) A hotel receptionist. C) A shop assistant. B) A private secretary. D) A sales manager. 10. A) Voice. C) Appearance. B) Intelligence. D) Manners. 11. A) Arrange one more interview. C) Report the matter to their boss. B) Offer the job to David Wallace. D) Hire Barbara Jones on a trial basis.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 12. A) He invented the refrigerator. C) He got a degree in Mathematics. B) He patented his first invention. D) He was admitted to university. 13. A) He distinguished himself in low temperature physics. B) He fell in love with Natasha Willoughby.
C) He became a professor of Mathematics. D) He started to work on refrigeration. 14. A) Finding the true nature of subatomic particles. B) Their work on very high frequency radio waves. C) Laying the foundations of modem mathematics. D) Their discovery of the laws of cause and effect. 15. A) To teach at a university. C) To spend his remaining years. B) To patent his inventions. D) To have a three-week holiday.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will he spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard. 16. A) They have fallen prey to wolves.
B) They have become a tourist attraction. C) They have caused lots of damage to crops.
D) They have become a headache to the community. 17. A) To celebrate their victory. C) To scare the wolves. B) To cheer up the hunters. D) To alert the deer.
18. A) They would help to spread a fatal disease. B) They would pose a threat to the children. C) They would endanger domestic animals. D) They would eventually kill off the deer.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard. 19. A) She is an interpreter. C) She is a domestic servant. B) She is a tourist guide. D) She is from the royal family. 20. A) It was used by the family to hold dinner parties. B) It is situated at the foot of a beautiful mountain.
C) It was frequently visited by heads of state. D) It is furnished like one in a royal palace. 21. A) It is elaborately decorated. B) It has survived some 2,000 years.
C) It is very big, with only six slim legs. D) It is shaped like an ancient Spanish boat. 22. A) They are uncomfortable to sit in for long. B) They do not match the oval table at all. C) They have lost some of their legs. D) hey are interesting to look at.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. 23. A) It in an uncommon infectious disease. B) It destroys the patient‟s ability to think. C) It is a disease very difficult to diagnose. D) It is the biggest crippler of young adults. 24. A) Search for the best cure. C) Write a book about her life. B) Hurry up and live life. D) Exercise more and work harder. 25. A) Aggressive. C) Sophisticated. B) Adventurous. D) Self-centered.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read fort the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words youhave just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you shouldcheck what you have written. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
It‟s difficult to estimate the number of youngsters involved in home schooling, where childrenare not sent to school and receive their formal education from one or both parents. (26)_______ and court decisions have made it legally possible in most states for parents to educate their children at home, and each year more people take advantage of that opportunity. Some states require parents or a home tutor to meet teacher certification standards, and many require parents to completelegal forms to verify that their children are receiving (27) _______ in state-approved curricula.
Supports of home education claim that it‟s less expensive and far more (28)_______ thanmass public education. Moreover, they cite several advantages: alleviation of school overcrowding, strengthened family relationships, lower (29) _______ rates, the fact that students are allowed to learn at their own rate, increased (30) _______, higher standardized test scores, and reduced (31) _______ problems.
Critics of the home schooling movement (32) _______ that it creates as many problems as it solves. They acknowledge that, in a few cases, home schooling offers educational opportunities superior to those found in most public schools, but few parents can provide such educational advantages. Some parents who withdraw their children from the schools (33) _______
homeschooling have an inadequate educational background and insufficient formal training to provide a satisfactory education for their children. Typically, parents have fewertechnological resources (34) _______ than do schools. However, the relatively inexpensivecomputer technology that is readily available today is causing some to challenge the notion that home schooling is in any way (35) _______ more highly structured classroom education.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Some performance evaluations require supervisors to take action. Employees who receive a very favorable evaluation may deserve some type of recognition or even a promotion. If supervisors do not acknowledge such outstanding performance, employees may either lose their36 and reduce their effort or search for a new job at a firm that will37 them for high performance. Supervisors should acknowledge high performance so that the employee will continue to perform well in the future.
Employees who receive unfavorable evaluations must also be given attention. Supervisors must 38 the reasons for poor performance. Some reasons, such as a family illness, may have a temporary adverse 39 on performance and can be corrected. Other reasons, such as a bad attitude, may not be temporary. When supervisors give employees an unfavorable evaluation, they must decide whether to take any 40 actions. If the employees were unaware of their own deficiencies, the unfavorable evaluation can pinpoint(指出) the deficiencies that employees must correct. In this case, the supervisor may simply need to monitor the employees 41 and ensure that the deficiencies are corrected.
If the employees were already aware of their deficiencies before the evaluation period, however, they may be unable or unwilling to correct them. This situation is more serious, and the supervisor may need to take action. The action should be 42 with the firm‟s guidelines and may include reassigning the employees to new jobs, 43 them temporarily, or firing them. A supervisor‟s action toward a poorly performing worker can 44 the attitudes of other employees. If no 45 isimposed on an employee for poor performance, other employees may react by reducing their productivity as well.
注意：此部分题请在答题卡2上作答。 A) additional B) affect C) aptly D) assimilate H) circulation F) closely G) consistent I) identify J) impact K) penalty L) reward M) simplifying N) suspending O) vulnerable H) enthusiasm Section B
Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The College Essay: Why Those 500 Words Drive Us Crazy
A) Meg is a lawyer-mom in suburban Washington, D.C., where lawyer-moms are thick on the ground. Her son Doug is one of several hundred thousand high-school seniors who had a painful fall. The deadline for applying to his favorite college was Nov. 1,and by early October he had yet to fill out the application. More to the point, he had yet to settle on a subject for the personal essay accompanying the application. According to college folklore, a well-turned essay has the power to seduce (诱惑) an admissions committee. “He wanted to do one thing at a time,” Meg says, explaining her son‟s delay. “But really, my son is a huge procrastinator (拖延者). The essay is the hardest thing to do, so he‟s put it off the longest.” Friends and other veterans of the process have warned Meg that the back and forth between editing parent and writing student can be traumatic (痛苦的).
B) Back in the good old days—say, two years ago, when the last of my children suffered the ordeal (折磨)—a high-school student applying to college could procrastinate all the way to New Year‟s Day of their senior year, assuming they could withstand the parental pestering (烦扰).But things change fast in the nail-biting world of college admissions.The recent trend toward early decision and early action among selective colleges and universities has pushed the traditional deadline of January up to Nov. 1 or early December for many students.
C) If the time for heel-dragging has been shortened, the true source of the anxiety and panic remains what it has always been. And it‟s not the application itself. A college application is a relatively straightforward questionnaire asking for the basics: name, address, family history employment history. It would all be innocent enough—20 minutes of busy work—except it comes attached to a personal essay.
D) “There are good reasons it causes such anxiety,” says Lisa Sohmer, director of college counseling at the Garden School in Jackson Heights, N.Y. “It‟s not just the actual writing. By noweverything else is already set. Your course load is set, your grades are set, your test scores are set. But the essay is something you can still control, and it‟s open-ended. So the temptation is to write and rewrite and rewrite.” Or stall and stall and stall.
E) The application essay, along with its mythical importance, is a recent invention. In the 1930s,when only one in 10 Americans had a degree from a four-year college, an admissionscommittee was content to ask for a sample of applicants‟ school papers to assess their writing ability. By the 1950s, most schools required a brief personal statement of why the student had chosen to apply to one school over another.
F) Today nearly 70 percent of graduating seniors go off to college, including two-year and four-year institutions. Even apart from the increased competition, the kids enter a process that has been utterly transformed from the one baby boomers knew. Nearly all application
materials are submitted online, and the Common Application provides a one-size-fits form accepted by more than 400 schools, including the nation‟s most selective.
G) Those schools usually require essays of their own, but the longest essay, 500 words maximum, is generally attached to the Common Application. Students choose one of six questions. Applicants are asked to describe an ethical dilemma they‟ve faced and its impact on them, or discuss a public issue of special concern to them, or tell of a fictional character or creative work that has profoundly influenced them. Another question invites them to write about the importance (to them, again) of diversity―a word that has assumed magic power in American higher education. The most popular option: write on a topic of your choice.
H) “Boys in particular look at the other questions and say, „Oh, that‟s too much work,‟” says John Boshoven, a counselor in the Ann Arbor, Mich., public schools. “They think if they do a topic of their choice, “I‟ll just go get that history paper I did last year on the Roman Empire and turn it into a first-person application essay!‟ And they end up producing something utterly ridiculous.”
I) Talking to admissions professionals like Boshoven, you realize that the list of “don‟ts” in essay writing is much longer than the “dos.”“No book reports, no history papers, no character studies,”says Sohmer.
J) “It drives you crazy, how easily kids slip into clichés(老生常谈),”says Boshoven. “They don‟t realize how typical their experiences arc. „I scored the winning goal in soccer against our arch-rival.‟„My grandfather served in World War II, and I hope to be just like him someday.‟ That may mean a lot to that particular kid. But in the world of the application essay, it‟s nothing. You‟ll lose the reader in the first paragraph.”
K) “The greatest strength you bring to this essay,” says the College Board‟s how-to book, “is 17 years or so of familiarity with the topic: YOU. The form and style are very familiar, and best of all, you are the world-class expert on the subject of YOU ... It has been the subject of your close scrutiny every morning since you were tall enough to see into the bathroom mirror.” Thekey word in the Common Application prompts is “you.”
L) The college admission essay contains the grandest American themes―status anxiety, parental piety (孝顺), intellectual standards—and so it is only a matter of time before it becomes infected by the country‟s culture of excessive concern with self-esteem. Even if the question isostensibly (表面上) about something outside the self (describe a fictional character or solve a problem of geopolitics), the essay invariably returns to the favorite topic: what is its impact on YOU?
M)“For all the anxiety the essay causes,” says Bill McClintick of Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania, “it‟s a very small piece of the puzzle. I was in college admissions for 10 years. I saw kids and parents beat themselves up over this. And at the vast majority of places, it is simply not a big variable in the college‟s decision-making process.”
N) Many admissions officers say they spend less than a couple of minutes on each application, including the essay. According to a recent survey of admissions officers, only one in four private colleges say the essay is of “considerable importance” in judging an application. Among public colleges and universities, the number drops to roughly one in 10. By contrast, 86 percent place “considerable importance” on an applicant‟s grades, 70 percent on “strength of curriculum.”
O) Still, at the most selective schools, where thousands of candidates may submit identically high grades and test scores, a marginal item like the essay may serve as a tie-breaker between two equally qualified candidates. The thought is certainly enough to keep the pot boiling under parents like Meg, the lawyer-mom, as she tries to help her son choose an essay topic. For a moment the other day, she thought she might have hit on a good one. “His father‟s from France,” she says. “I said maybe you could write about that, as something that makes you different. You know: half French, half American. I said, „You could write about your identity issues.‟ He said, „I don‟t have any identity issues!‟ And he‟s right. He‟s a well-adjusted, normal kid. But that doesn‟t make for a good essay, does it?” 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
46. Today many universities require their applicants to write an essay of up to five hundred words. 47. One recent change in college admissions is that selective colleges and universities have movedthe traditional deadline to earlier dates.
48. Applicants and their parents are said to believe that the personal essay can sway the admissions committee.
49. Applicants are usually better off if they can write an essay that distinguishes them from the rest.
50. Not only is the competition getting more intense, the application process today is also totally different from what baby boomers knew.
51. In writing about their own experiences many applicants slip into clichés, thus failing to engage the reader.
52. According to a recent survey, most public colleges and universities consider an applicant‟s grades highly important.
53. Although the application essay causes lots of anxiety, it does not play so important a role in the college‟sdecision-making process.
54. The question you aresupposed to write about may seem outside the self, but the theme of the essay should center around its impact on you.
55. In the old days, applicants only had to submit a sample of their school papers to show their writing ability.
Section C
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Among the government‟s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family (average pretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With inflation the family‟s spending on a child will total $286,050 by age 17.
The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just a catalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a society‟s priorities and values. Our society does not—
despite rhetoric(说辞) to the contrary—put much value on raising children. Present budget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.
Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They have stagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, theyresist change. To stabilize its population—discounting immigration—women must have an average of two children. That‟s a fertility rate of 2.0.Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.
Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it‟s shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy. “No one has a good answer” asto why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers‟ isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled America‟s baby boom. After the Soviet Union‟s collapse, says Cherlin, “anxiety for the future” depressed birthrates in Russiaand Eastern Europe.
In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing the number of family workers and providing supports for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children in the United States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, some couples don‟t have children because they don‟t want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the lime and expense of a family.
Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidence about having children. Piling on higher taxes won‟t help, “If higher taxes make it more expensive to raise children,” says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, “people will think twice about having another child.” That seems like common sense, despite the multiple influences on becoming parents.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. What do we learn from the government report? A) Inflation increases families‟ expenses. B) Raising children is getting expensive. C) Budget reduction in around the corner. D) Average family expenditure is increasing.
57. What is said to be the consequence of a shrinking population? A) Weakened national strength. C) Economic downturn. B) Increased immigration. D) Social instability. 58. What accounted for America‟s baby boom? A) Optimism for the future. C) Religious beliefs. B) Improved living conditions. D) Economic prosperity. 59. Why do people in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children? A) They want to further improve their economic well-being. B) They cannot afford the time and expenses of rearing children. C) They are concerned about the future of the coming generation.
D) They don‟t rely on their children to support them in old age. 60. What is the author‟s purpose in writing the passage?
A) To instill confidence in the young about raising children. B) To advise couples to think twice before having children. C) To encourage the young to take care of the elderly. D) To appeal for tax reduction for raising children.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Space exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where human ingenuity (创造力)struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon,often cited as the first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly.
In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decade‟s end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated(共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yielded concrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up at odds with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims.
When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to an end, with no successor. The perpetual argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury—as if saving one-thousandth of a single year‟s budget would solve our problems.
But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the most bang from a buck. They will serve as modem Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.
The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us—not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed off each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans can transcend what were once considered inherent limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy, the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. The more evidence we collect that our species is capable of greatness, the more we will actually achieve it. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
61. The author mentions Cyrano de Bergerac in order to show that_________. A) imagination is the mother of invention
B) ingenuity is essential for science fiction writers
C) it takes patience for humans to realize their dreams D) dreamers have always been interested in science fiction
62. How did the general public view Kennedy‟s space exploration plan? A) It symbolized the American spirit. B) It was as urgent as racial equality. C) It sounded very much like a dream. D) It made an ancient dream come true.
63. What does the author say about America‟s aim to explore space? A) It may not bring about immediate economic gains. B) It cannot be realized without technological innovation.
C) It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality.
D) It cannot be achieved without a good knowledge of the other worlds. 64. What is the author‟s attitude toward space programs? A) Critical. C) Unbiased. B) Reserved. D) Supportive.
65. What does the author think of the problems facing human beings? A) They pose a serious challenge to future human existence. B) They can be solved sooner or later with human ingenuity.
C) Their solutions need joint efforts of the public and privatesectors. D) They can only be solved by people with optimism andambition.
Part IV Translation(30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国园林（the Chinese garden）是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观（landscape）。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和稭关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山（rockwork）、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷（scroll）一般展现在面前。 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
答案
1~5 CDADB 6~10 ABCAC 11~15 BDCBA 16~20 DDCBA 21~25 CADBB 26. Legislation 27. instruction 28. efficient 29. dropout 30. motivation 31. discipline 32. contend 33. in favor of 34. at their disposal 35. inferior to 36~40 HLIJA 41~45 FGNBK 46~50 GBAOF 51~55 JNMLE 56~60 BCADD 61~65 ACADB
The Chinese garden has become a landscape of unique style after an evolution for more than 3 000 years. It includes not only the large gardens built as entertainment venues for the royal family, but also the private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government
officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature designed to express the harmonious
relationship between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls, and in the garden there are ponds, rockwork, trees, flowers and all kinds of buildings linked by winding trails and corridors. Wandering in the gardens, people may feel that a series of well-designed scenery spreads out before us like a landscape scroll.
1. 第一句中，\"三千多年演变\"可以译成an evolution for more than 3 000 years,不能译成 more than 3 000 years of evolution;\"独具一格的\"可以用单个 形容词unique来表达，也可以用短语of unique style来表达。
2. 第二句中，\"既……也……\"可以套用固定结构not only.. .but also...来表达广为皇室成员享乐而建 造的\"转译成更为地道的表达方式built as entertainment venues for ..;同样为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的\"也进行了类似的处理。
3. 第三句中,长定语\"一种意在表达人与自然之间应 有的和谐关系的\可以使用定语从句表达。为了使行文简洁，可以简化成过去分词结构，即 designed to express...。 4. 第四句中四周有围墙\"用被动句式译出，更符合 英语的表达习惯，故译作is surrounded by walls；\"园内有……\"应该使用there be句型译出，考虑到 表语部分较长,可以将状语部分in the garden提前至句首;长定语\"蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的\"可以用定语从句译出或直接简化成过去分词结构，即 linked by winding trails and corridors.
5. 第五句中漫步在花园中\"译成前置状语,但是播 要使用现在分词结构；人们看到的内容可以用that 引导的宾语从句来表达，\"展现\"一词可以用短语 spread out表达,富有韵味。
卷2（听力一样省去）
Part 1 Writing (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of the information explosion by referring to the saying “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention. ”You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you can do to being distracted by irrelevant information. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part 3 Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A
Direction: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the hank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Quite often, educators tell families of children who are learning English as a second
language to speak only English, and not their native language, at home. Although these educators
may have good 36 their advice to families is misguided, and it 37 from misunderstandings about the process of language acquisition. Educators may fear that children hearing two languages will become 38 confused and thus their language development will be 39 ; this concern not
documented in the literature. Children are capable of learning more than one language, whether 40 or sequentially(依次地）.In fact, most children outside of the United States are expected to become bilingual or even, in many cases, multilingual. Globally, knowing more than one language is viewed as an 41 and even I necessity in many areas.
It is also of concern that the misguided advice that students should speak only English is given primarily to poor families with limited educational opportunities, not to wealthier families who have many educational advantages. Since children from poor families often are 42 as at-risk for academic failure, teachers believe that advising families to speak English only is appropriate. Teachers consider learning two languages to be too 43 for children from poor families, believing that the children are already burdened by their home situations.
If families do not know English or have limited English skills themselves, how can they communicate in English? Advising non-English-speaking families to speak only English is 44 to telling them not to communicate with or interact with their children. Moreover, the 45 native language is not important or valued.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A) asset B) delayed C) deviates D) equivalent E) identified F) intentions G) object H) overwhelming I) permanently J) prevalent K) simultaneously L) stems M) successively N) underlying O)visualizing Section B
Directions： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contain, information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Uses of Difficulty
The brain likes a challenge--and putting a few obstacles in its way may welt boost its creativity.
A) Jack White, the former front man of the White Stripes and an influential figure among fellow musicians, likes to make things difficult for himself. He uses cheap guitars that won‟t stay in shape or in tune. When performing, he positions his instruments in a way that is deliberately inconvenient, so that switching from guitar to organ mid-song involves a mad dash across the stage. Why? Because he‟s on the run from what he describes as a disease that preys on every
artist： \"ease of use\". When making music gets too easy, says White, it becomes harder to make it sing.
B) It‟s an odd thought. Why would anyone make their work more difficult than it already is? Yet we know that difficulty can pay unexpected dividends. In 1966, soon after the Beatles had finishe work on \"Rubber Sour,, Paul McCartney looked into the possibility of going to America to record their next album. The equipment in American studios was more advanced than anything in Britain, which had led the Beatles, great rivals‟ the Rolling Stones, to make their latest album, “Aftermath\百代唱片）contractual clauses made it prohibitively expensive to follow suit, and the Beatles had to make do with the primitive technology of Abbey Road.
C) Lucky for us. Over the next two years they made their most groundbreaking work, turning the recording studio into a magical instrument of its own. Precisely because they were working with old-fashioned machines t George Martin and his team of engineers were forced to apply every ounce of their creativity to solve the problems posed to them by Lennon and
McCartney. Songs like Tomorrow Never Knows\Life\" featured revolutionary sound effects that dazzled and mystified Martin's American counterparts.
D) Sometimes it‟s only when a difficulty is removed that we realise what it was doing for us. For more than two decades, starting in the 1960s, the poet Ted Hughes sat on the judging panel of an annual poetry competition for British schoolchildren. During the 1980s he noticed an
increasing number of long poems the submissions, with some running to 70 or 80 pages. These poems were verbally inventive and fluent, but also “strangely boring”. After making inquiries Hughes discovered that they were being composed on computers, then just finding their way into British homes.
E) You might have thought any tool which enables a writer to get words on to the page would be an advantage. But there may be a cost to such facility. In an interview with the Paris Review Hughes speculated that when a person puts pen to paper, \"you meet the terrible resistance of what happened your first year at it, when you couldn't write at all\". As the brain attempts to force the unsteady hand to do its bidding, the tension between the two results in a more
compressed, psychologically denser expression. Remove that resistance and you are more likely to produce a 70-page ramble (不着边际的长篇大论）.
F) Our brains respond better to difficulty than we imagine. In schools, teachers and pupils alike often assume that if a concept has been easy to learn, then the lesson has been successful. But numerous studies have now found that when classroom material is made harder to absorb, pupils retain more of it over the long term, and understand it on a deeper level.
G) As a poet, Ted Hughes had an acute sensitivity lo the way in which constraints on self-expression, like the disciplines of metre and rhyme (韵律)，spur creative thought. What
applies to poets and musicians also applies to our daily lives. We tend to equate (等同）happiness with freedom, but, as the psychotherapist and writer Adam Phillips has observed, without
obstacles to our desires it‟s harder to know what we want, or where we‟re heading. He tells the story of a patient, a first-time mother who complained that her young son was always clinging to her, wrapping himself around her legs wherever she went. She never had a moment to herself, she said, because her son was \"always in the way”. When Phillips asked her where she would go if he wasn't in the way, she replied cheerfully. \"Oh, I wouldn't know where I was!”
H) Take another common obstacle: lack of money. People often assume that more money will make them happier. But economists who study the relationship between money and happiness have consistently found that, above a certain income, the two do not reliably correlate. Despite the ease with which the rich can acquire almost anything they desire, they are just as likely to be unhappy as the middle classes. In this regard at least, F. Scott Fitzgerald was wrong.
I) Indeed, ease of acquisition is the problem. The novelist Edward St Aubyn has a narrator remark of the very rich that, \"not having to consider affordability, their desires rambled on like unstoppable bores, relentless (持续不断的）and whimsical (反复无常的）at the same time. \" When Boston College, a private research university, wanted a better feel for its potential donors, it asked the psychologist Robert Kenny to investigate the mindset of the super-rich. He surveyed 165 households, most of which had a net worth of $25m or more. He found that many of his subjects were confused by the infinite options their money presented them with. They found it hard to know what to want, creating a kind of existential bafflement. One of them put it like this： \"You know. Bob, you can just buy so much stuff, and when you get to the point where you can just buy so much stuff，now what are you going to do?\"
J) The internet makes information billionaires out of all of us, and the architects of our online experiences are catching on to the need to make things creatively difficult. Twitter‟s huge success is rooted in the simple but profound insight that in a medium with infinite space for self-expression, the most interesting thing we cm do is restrict ourselves to 140 characters. The music service This Is My Jam helps people navigate the tens of millions of tracks now available instantly via Spotify and iTunes. Users pick their favorite song of the week to share with others. They only get to choose one. The service was only launched this year, but by the end of
September 650 000 jams had been chosen. Its cofounder Matt Ogle 'explains its raison d'etre (存在的理由）like this:” In an age of endless choice, we were missing a way to say, „This. This is the one you should listen to‟.\"
K) Today‟s world offers more opportunity than ever to follow the advice of the Walker Brothers and make it easy on ourselves. Compared with a hundred years ago, our lives are less tightly bound by social norms and physical constraints. Technology has cut out much of life's donkey work, and we have more freedoms than ever: we can wear what we like and communicate with hundreds of friends at once at the click of a mouse. Obstacles are everywhere disappearing. Few of us wish to turn the clock back, but perhaps we need to remind ourselves how useful the right obstacles can be. Sometimes, the best route to fulfilment is the path of more resistance.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
46. The rigorous requirements placed on the writing of poetry stimulate the poet‟s creativity. 47. With creativity, even old-fashioned instruments may produce spectacular sound effects. 48. More money does not necessarily bring greater happiness. 49. It is a false assumption that lessons should be made easier to learn.
50. Obstacles deliberately placed in the creation of music contribute to its success. 51. Those who enjoy total freedom may not find themselves happy.
52. Ted Hughes discovered many long poems submitted for poetry competition were composed on computers.
53. Maybe we need to bear in bear in mind that the right obstacles help lead us to greater achievements.
54. An investigation found that many of the super-rich were baffled by the infinite choices their money made available.
55. One free social networking website turned out to successful because it limited each posting to one hundred and forty characters.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
There was a time not long ago when new science Ph. D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学木界）.But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there's also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven‟t trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there‟s a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical
step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).
In 2002, the US Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group
recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32 000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction. IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph. D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.
A free Web application for this purpose, called mylDP, has become available this week. It‟s designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection (内省）to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee‟s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career
trajectories (轨迹）.After the user has identified a long-term career goal, myIDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.
Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective when it's embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. What do we learn about new science Ph. D.s in the United States today? A) They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs. B) They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs. C) They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle. D) They are regarded as the nation's driving force of change. 57. What does the author say about America's Ph.D. training? A) It should be improved to better suit the job market.
B) It is closely linked to future career requirements. C) It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia. D) It includes a great variety of practical courses.
58. What was recommended for Ph. D.s and postdoctoral researchers? A) They meet the urgent needs of the corporate world. B) A long-term career goal be set as early as possible. C) An IDP be made in consultation with an adviser. D) They acquire an explicit tool to help obtain jobs.
59. Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to.
A) bring into full play the skills and expertise of their postdoctoral researchers B) help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goals C) place employees in the most appropriate positions D) hire the most suitable candidates to work for them 60. What do we know about myIDP?
A) It is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans. B) It enables people to look into various possibilities and choose the career they love. C) It promises a long-term career path. D) It is part of the graduate curricula. Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Just over a decade into the 21st century, women's progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil，Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana--in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.
But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren‟t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1 000 women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the US rose to 14.5% last year. To measure the state of women‟s progress, Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect women's lives: treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.
Countries with be highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender
discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined (神圣化）.But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation's top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly. \"Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in
politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference‟\" says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for UN Women.
Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can‟t be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons can‟t account for differences of opinion.
Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. \"When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic
performance of communities, nations, and the world,” she said. \"There‟s a simulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries； Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.\"
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
61. What does the author think about women‟s progress so far? A) It still leaves much to be desired. B) It is too remarkable to be measured. C) It has greatly changed women‟s fate. D) It is achieved through hard struggle.
62. In what countries have women made the greatest progress? A) Where women hold key posts in government. B) Where women's rights are protected by law. C) Where women‟s participation in management is high. D) Where women enjoy better education and health care. 63. What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada? A) They care little about political participation. B) They are generally treated as equals by men. C) They have a surprisingly low social status. D) They are underrepresented in politics.
64. What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation‟s top office? A) It does not necessarily raise women's political awareness. B) It does not guarantee a better life for the nation‟s women. C) It enhances women‟s status. D) It boosts women‟s confidence.
65. What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place? A) Give women more political power. B) Stimulate women‟s creativity. C) Allow women access to education. D) Tap women‟s economic potential. Part 4 Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农及八月十五，是人们拜月的节
日。这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚,共赏明月。2006年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008年又被定为公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有\"座 (longevity)\"、\"福\"或\"和\"等字样。
参考范文
Ways to Get Over Information Explosion 【1】As a popular saying goes, \"A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.\"【2】Nowadays we are in an era of information explosion. More and more people complain that they are lost in the information age.
【3】Admittedly，no one can deny the fact that the new information age has brought us so much convenience that we are allowed to get plenty of information just with a simple click sitting in front of the computers.【4】Nevertheless, we are also confused, annoyed, distracted and upset by an incredibly large quantity of information.【5】For example, when searching for something online, people are easily misguided by irrelevant information and forget their original plan. Besides, some information often turns out to be useless. Therefore, it may be time-consuming and troublesome to search information online.
Then what can we do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? 【6】Here are some useful tips：【7】Firstly, make a list of what you really want before your searching. You can avoid some appealing, yet irrelevant information by this way. Then, find some credible and professional sources or websites and then save and categorize them. In this case, you can easily leave some advertisements and useless information behind.
Part 3 Reading Comprehension
很多时候,对于那些家中有孩子将英语作为第二语言进行学习的家庭,教育者们会告诉家长,孩子在 家中应该只说英语,不讲母语。虽然这些教育者们的出发点可能是好的,但他们对这些家庭的建议却帮了 倒忙,这是由于对语言习得的过程有错误的理解。教育者们可能担心同时听到两种语言的孩子会对这两 种语言产生长久性的混淆,并因此延迟他们语言的发展。这种担心在文献中没有记载。孩子们有能力学 习一种以上的语言,无论是同时学习或是依次学习。事实上,在美国以外的地方,大多数孩子被期望接受 双语教育,甚至在很多情况下,需要掌握多种语言。从全球范围看,会一种以上的语言是一大有利条件,在 许多领域,这甚至是必不可少的技能。
再有，值得关注的是，这种学生应该只说英语的错误建议主要是针对那些教育机会有限的贫困家庭提出的,而不是那些拥有许多教育优势的比较富裕的家庭。由于来自贫困家庭的孩子通常被认为学业失败 的几率较高,老师们认为.建议这些家庭只说英语是合适的。老师们认为,对贫困家庭的孩子来说,同时学 习两种语言是无法承受的，因为孩子们已经被家庭条件所累。
如果这些家庭中的成员自身不懂英语或英语能力非常有限,他们义怎么能够用英语进行交流呢？建议母语不是英语的家庭只说英语就相当于告诉他们不要与孩子进行沟通或互动，此外,这种建议还传递 了一种潜在的信息,那就是这些家庭的母语并不重要或没有价值。
答案详解
36. 【考点】名词辨析题。
F) 【精析】该空格位于动词have之后，并由形容词
good修饰,据此推断所填词应为名词。文章开篇 39. 第一句讲述了教育者们关于语言学习的建议，而 B) 本句中开头为Although,可知空格所在部分与句 子后半部分有转折关系，后半句说这种建议帮了 倒忙，由此可以判断空格所在位置表明这些教育工作者们的出发点还是好的，故答案为intentions \"意图，目的\"。备选项中还有asset和object两个 名词,但与上下文语意不符,故排除。
37. 【考点】动词辨析题。
L)【精析】空格位于代词it和介词from之间，据此 40, 判断应填入动词第三人称单数,且能够与from搭 K) 配使用,构成谓语。根据句意,it指代的是上文中的建议,本句后半部分提到了 \"对于语言习得的过 程有错误的理解\"，由此可推断，建议源于错误的 理解,故答案为stems\"起源于\"。在备选项中，还 有一个动词第三人称单数deviates\"脱离，使出 轨\虽然该词也能与介词from搭配使用,但其意 思与上下文不符,故排除。
38. 【考点】副词辨析题。
I) 【精析】空格位于谓语become和形容词confused 41. 之间,可以判定该词是对形容词confused进行修 A) 饰,必须填入副词。空格所在句的意思是\"教育者们可能担心同时听到两种语言的孩子会对这两种语言产生混淆\"。由fear\"担心\"这个词可以推断产生的应该是不好的影响。分析备选副词选项的同义，只有permanently\"水远地，长久地\"符合句意。另外两个副词simultaneously和 successively的意思与上下文语意不符,故排除。
39.【考点】动词辨析题。
【精析】空格位于情态动词和系动词will be之后， 由此推断应填入动词的过去分词，构成将来时的 被动语态。空格所在句中前半部分提到了对两种 语言confused,而这会对语言学习造成不利的影 响,动词中含负面意思的词只有delayed\"延迟,推迟\故为答案。备选项中还有一个动词过去分词 选项identified,但该词意为\"识别,辨别\与上下 文语意不符,故排除。
40.【考点】副词辨析题。
【精析】由空格后出现的or可推知空格处应填入副词,与sequentially相呼应。本句前半部分提到了\"孩子们有能力学习一种以上的语言\而空格后的\"依次地\"一同点明空格中的单词也是对孩子们学习语言顺序的一种描述，与\"依次\"一词相对 的意思为simultaneously\"同时地\故为答案。备选中successively \"接连着,继续地\"也可以表示 动作行为的顺序，但该词与sequentially意思相似,不能形成选择关系,故排除。
41.【考点】名词辨析题。
【精析】由空格前的不定冠词an可以判斯，此处应填入名词单数形式,且该名词需要以元音音素开头。根据句意可知，能够掌握多种语言应该是人们所具备的优势，故答案为asset \"有利条件，长处\"。备选项中还有一个元音开头的单数名词object,但该闻意思与上下文不符,故排除。
42. 【考点】动词辨析题。
E) 【精析】该空格位于系动词are之后，且空格后出现了as引导的补语,因此推断应填入动词过去分词。构成被动语态。空格前提到了\"贫困家庭的孩子\空格后说\"学业上容易失败\"，可知该句意思为\"来自贫困家庭的孩子通常被认为学业上容易失败\".故答案为identified\"识別；发现\"。
43. 【考点】形容词辨析题。
H) 【精析】该空格位于副词too之后，& too前还有 一个系动词be，推断空格处应填入形容词。空格 前一句中指出教师们认为\"建议这些家庭仅说英 语是合适的这些老师这样做的原因是\"孩子们已经被家庭条件所累\"，由此可判断空格处所表示 的意思是这些孩子对于同时学习两种语言是\"无法承受的\"故答案为overwhelming\"压倒性的\"。 备选项中，equivalent, prevalent 和 underlying 意思与上下文语意不符.故均徘除。
44. 【考点】形容词辨析题。
D)【精析】该空格位于系动词is和介词to之间，由此 推断应填入形容词,构成be...to结构。该段第一 句说这些孩子家中的其他成员不懂英语或者他们 的英语能力有限,在这种情况下.再要求孩子在家 中仅说英语,无异于阻断了孩子与家庭成员的沟通,故答案为
equivalent\"相等的，相当的\"。备选 项中，prevalent, underlying 和 visualizing均不能与 介词to搭配使用.且意思与上下文不符.故排除。
45.【考点】形容词辨析题。
N)【精析】淚空格位于定冠词the和名词message之间，因此推断应填入形容词，修饰名词message。 要求母语不是英语的家庭只说英语,会让人感觉 \"这些家庭的母语并不重要,没有价值\".这一信息 并没有人明确地说出来,但它却的确是存在的,故答案为underlying\"潜在的,隐含的\"。备选项中， prevalent和visualizing意思均与上下文不符，故排除。
困难的作用
大脑喜欢挑战设置一些障碍可能会大大地促进其创造力。
A) 杰克•怀特是白色条纹乐队的前主唱,也是音乐圈中叱咤风云的人物,他喜欢为难自己。他使用一些变了形或者走了音的廉价吉他。(50)表演时,他故意把乐器的位置放在不方便拿取的地方,因此 当他从吉他演奏换成风琴演奏时就得在舞台上狂奔。为什么呢？因为他要逃避他所描述的每个艺术家都会沾染上的一种疾病易用性\"。怀特说,当音乐制作得太容易时,就会更难以演唱。
B) 这个想法很奇怪。为什么会有人想要自己的工作变得比现在更困难呢？但我们知道，困难会产生意 想不到的好结果。1966年,披头士乐队创作完专辑《橡胶灵魂》后不久,保罗•麦卡特尼研究过前往美国录制他们的下一张专辑的可能性。美国工作室的设备比英国先进,这使披头士乐队最大的对手 滚石乐队在洛杉矶发行了他们的最新专辑《后果》。麦卡特尼发现百代唱片的合同条款中有关工作 室设备的使用费用异常昂责,所以他们难以效仿滚石乐队,只好凑合着用艾比路录音室的原始技术。
C) 对我们来说幸运的是,在接下来的两年中,他们做了最具开创性的工作,把录音棚变成了一个神奇的乐器。(47)正是因为他们使用了老式机器工作,乔治•马丁和其团队的工程师才被迫发挥其每一分创造力去解决列俄和麦卡特尼向他们提出的问题。他们创作了像《明天从未知道》、《永远的草蕃地》和《在生命中的一天》这些歌曲。其极具革命性的声音效果令马丁的美国同行目眩神迷,并且困惑不已。
D) 有时只有当我们克服了困难时,我们才知道困难的意义。(52)自20世纪60年代以来的二十多年, 诗人特德•休斯一直是英国小学生年度诗歌比赛的评审团成员。在20世纪80年代,他注意到在提交的作品中长诗出现得越来越多,一些竟长达70或80页。这些诗的语言虽然都别出心裁且非常流 畅,但却\"无聊得不可思议\"。(52)经过多方打听,休斯发现这些作品都是在计算机上创作的，然后流入英国家庭。
E) 你可能认为任何使作家的话成为铅字的工具都是有益的。但使用这样的工具也许是有代价的。休 斯在接受《巴黎评论》采访时说,当一个人在纸上落笔时你会遇到很大的阻力，就像第一年写作时，根本什么都写不出来\"。但随着大脑强迫颤抖的手去写,大脑和手之间的较量就会令你写出更为精炼和更为紧凑的语言。如果没有这种阻力,你很有可能会不着边际、长篇大论地写上70页。
F) 我们的大脑要比我们想象的能更好地应对困难。(49)在学校，教师和学生都经常想当然地认为如果某个概念简单易学,那么这门课程就是成功的。但无数的研究发现,课堂材料设置得更难以理解消化时，学生会长期记住其大部分内容,并能够理解得更加透彻。 G) (46)作为一名诗人，特德•休斯对表达方式的限制极其敏感,如韵律的规则,而这些限制可促进创造性思维。适用于诗人和音乐家的原理也同样适用于我们的日常生活。(51)我们往往把幸福等同于自由。但是,正如心理治疗师及作家亚当•菲利普斯所观察到的那样,如果我们的愿望不会碰到任何障碍就能实现,那么我们很难知道我们想要什么或者我们的方向在哪里。他讲述了一个病人的故事。一位初为人母的母亲抱怨说,她年幼的儿子总是特别缠她,无论她去哪,他都紧紧地抱住她的双腿。她说,因为她儿子\"永远挡在路上\所以她从来没有一个属于自己的时刻。于是菲利普斯问她， 如果他没有妨碍你,你会去哪？她乐呵呵地回答说，“哦，我也不知道去哪!”
H) 另一种常见的障碍:没钱。(48)人们常以为更多的钱会让他们更快乐。但研究金钱与幸福之间的关系的经济学家们一致认为，超过一定量的收入,这两者关联并不紫密。尽管富人能够轻而易举地获得想要的任何东西,但他们和中产阶层一样可能会不幸福。至少在这方面,菲茨杰拉德错了。
I) 轻而易举就获得确实是个问题。小说家爱德华•圣•奥宾针对那些极其富有的人叙述道不必考虑经济承受能力，他们的欲望犹如阻止不了的令人厌烦的事情,但同时又是持续不
断的、反复无常的。\"(54)波士顿学院是一所私立研究型大学，曾想为其潜在捐助者拥有更好的感受,要求心理学家罗伯特•肯尼调查超级富豪的心态。他调查了 165户家庭,其中大部分有2 500万美元或以上的净资产。(54)他发现,其中许多受试者对金钱所带来的无限的选择表示很困扰。他们很难知道自己想要什么,这就成了一种生存困惑。其中一个人这样说道你知道,鲍勃,你可以只买这么多东西。但 当你什么都可以买时,你打算怎么办?\"
J)互联网使我们所有人在拥有的信息量上都成了亿万富翁,但我们的网络经验就要超过了我们创造性 地使事物变难的需要。(55)维持的巨大成功源于筒单而深刻的见解:在拥有无限的自我表达空间的媒介中，最有趣的事莫过于只能用140个以内的字符去表达自我。音乐服务器\"这是我的果酱\"可以帮助人们在Spotify和iTunes上就能搜到的数千万张大碟中导航。用户可以挑选自己本周喜爱的歌曲与他人分享，但只能选择一首。该服务今年刚刚推出,但截止到九月底已经有65万个果醫被人分享了。其联合创始人马特.奥格尔这样解释其存在的理由：\"在一个充满了无尽选择的时代,我们 缺少一个方式说:“这……这个你应该听，。\" K)今天的世界比以往任何时候都遵循了沃克兄弟的意见,并让我们自己活得轻松。我们的生活不像一百年前那样那么受社会规范和物质方面的束搏。技术已经把人们从很多基础性的工作中解放出来， 我们比以往更自由：我们想穿什么就穿什么,轻轻一点鼠标就能与数百名朋友同时聊天。障碍无处 不在消失。(53)很少有人想时光倒流,但我们需要提醒自己，正确的障碍,其用处会很大。有时候, 取得成功的最佳路线是那条充满了更大阻力的路径。
答案详解
46.【定位】由题干中的poetry和poet定位到G)段第一句。
G) 【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，作为诗人， 特德•休斯对表达方式的限制极其敏感，如韵律的规则,而这些限制可促进创造性思维。题干中的stimulate对应原文中的spur, creativity对应 原文中的creative thought,故答案为G)。
47. 【定位】由题干中的old-fashioned和sound effects 定位到C)段最后两句。 C)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到，正是因为他们 使用了老式机器工作,乔治•马丁和其团队的工 程师才被迫发挥其每一分创造力，创作了像《明天 从未知道》、《永远的草毒地》和《在生命中的一天》 这些歌曲，它们都极具革命性的声音效果。题干中的spectacular对应原文中的revolutionary,故 答案为C)。
48. 【定位】由题干中的money和happiness定位到H)段第二、三句。
H) 【精析】细节推断题。定位段第二、三句提到,人们 常以为更多的钱会让他们更快乐。但研究金钱与 幸福之间的关系的经济学家们一致认为，超过一定收入之后,这两者的关联并不紧密。由此可知， 更多的钱并不一定能带来更大的幸福。题干是对 定位句的概括,故答案为H)。
49. 【定位】由题干中的lessons和easier定位到F)段 第二、三句。
F)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到,在学校,教师和 学生都经常想当然地认为如果某个概念简单易学,那么这门课程就是成功的。但无数的研究发现,课堂材料设置得更难以理解消化时,学生会长期记住其大部分内容,并能够理解得更透彻。由此可知,课程设置得简单并不利于学生。题干是 对定位句的概括，故答案为F)。
50. 【定位】由题干中的deliberately和creation of music定位到A)段第三至六句。 A)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句提到，表演时，怀特故意把乐器放在不方便拿取的地方，因此当他从吉他演奏換成风琴演奏时就得在舞台上狂奔。为什么呢？因为他要逃避他所描述的每个艺术家都会沾染上的一种疾病易用性\"。怀特说,音乐制作得太容易时,就会更难以演唱。由此可知,在音乐 的创作中故意设置障碍有助于成功。题干是对定位句的概述，故答案为A)。
51. 【定位】由题干中的freedom和happy定位到G) 段第三句。
G) 【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到,我们往往把幸福等同于自由。但是,正如心理治疗师及作家亚 当.菲利普斯所观察到的那样,如果我们的愿望 不会遇到任何障碍就能实现,我们就很难知道我们想要什么或者我们的方向在哪里。由此可知，那些享受完全自由的人可能并不开心。题干中的 total freedom 对应原文中的 without obstacles to our desires,故答案为 G)。
52. 【定位】由题干中的Ted Hughes和long poems定 位到D)段第二、三、五句。 D)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句提到,诗人特德•休 斯一直是英国小学生年度诗歌比赛的评审团成 员。在20世纪80年代，他注意到在提交的作品 中长诗出现得越来越多,经过多方打听，休斯发现这些作品都是在计算机上创作的。题干是对定位 句的概述，故答案为D)。
53. 【定位】由题干中的the right obstacles定位到K) 段最后两句。
K)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，我们需要提醒自己的是正确的障碍用处很大。有时候,取得成功的最佳路线是那条充满了更大阻力的路径。由此对知，正确的障碍有助于引导我们取得更大的成就。题干中的bear in mind对应原文中的 remind ourselves, greater achievements 对应原文中的fulfillment,故答案为K。
54. 【定位】由题干中的investigation和the super-rich 定位到I)段第三句和第五句。 I)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到•罗伯特•肯尼曾调查过超级富来们的心态,他发现其中许多受 试者对金钱带给他们的无限选择表示很闲扰。题干中的baffled对应原文中的confused, their money made available 对应原文中的 their money presented them with,故答案为 I)。
55. 【定位】由题干中的one hundred and forty characters定位到J)段第二句。 J)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到,推动的巨大成功源于简单而深刻的见解:在拥有无限的自我表达空间的媒介中，最有趣的事莫过于只能用140个以内的字符去表达自我。题干
中的free social networking website 对应原文中的 Twitter limited each posting to 对应原文中的 restrict ourselves to,故答案为 J)。
(56)不久之前,人们还期望美国新毕业的理科博i:追他们在学术界的职业生涯。但是在今天,大多 数毕业生最终都在学术界之外工作.他们工作的领域不仅包括工业,还有科学政策、通讯以及专利权法等 领域。这部分源于学术就业市场的惨淡,然而,人们也越来越意识到这是因为理科博士没有直接接受过有 关职业选择的培训-虽说这些理科生在这些职业中也拥有有用的知识、技能和经验。(57)但是,在我们 现在培训科学家的方式和他们真正能得到的就业机会之间存在E大的脱节。我们也急切地需要大力改善培训 计划,弥补这一差距。促成这一改变的关键一步就在于让博士生和博士后科学家遵循个人发展计划(IDP)。
(58) 2002年,莫国实验生物学联合会建议毎一位博士后研究员都应与一名顾问协商其个人发展计 Mo自那以后,一些学术机构就开始要求博士后参加个人发展计划。6月份,美国国家卫生研究院生物医学研究人力资源工作组向美国国家卫生研究院提议,要求他们所维系的大约32 000名博士后研究员都加人这个个人发展计划。其他公立或私立的享受拨款的机构也1E努力向同样的方向发展。
(59) 长期以来,政府机构和私人机构都通过用个人发展计划来为他们的雇员和组织实现特定目标。 目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的衡量工具,帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负,确定从事某些行业的可能性,并设立目标(通常是短期目标）。在科学领域,应届毕业生和新毕业的博士生科学家能够通过个人 发展计划确定一条有效的职业道路并明确职业发展方向。
(60)出于这一目的,这周在网上就出现了一个免费的网络应用,名字叫\"我的个人发展计划\"。它的设计意图就是要为刚刚开始工作的科学家提供指引，进行秘密却义严格的自省，为他们量身定做职业计划。 每一个接受培训的人都在具备科学方面专业知识的职业顾问的指导下进行自我评估.而这一自我评估将会用来排列一系列职业轨迹。用户确定长期职业目标之后我的个人发展计划\"就会指导其制订短期目标,以便积累新技能和经验,这对职业选择十分重要。
虽然调查显示个人发展计划十分有用,接受培训的人却报告说他们需要更多的资源来帮助自己确定 长期的职业道路,以此来完成个人发展计划。因此.在做更广阔的职业发展规划的时候我的个人发展计 划\"就会极为有效。例如：大学可以将个人发展计划纳人他们的毕业课程，以帮助学生讨论、计划、准备并最终文现他们的长期职业目标。
56. 【定位】由题干中的new science Ph. D.s in the United States today定位到文章首段前两句。
C)【精析】事实细节题。文章开篇两句指出.不久之前，人们还期望美国新毕业的理科博士追求他们在学术界的职业生涯。但是在今天，大多数毕业生最终都在学术界之外工作，他们工作的领域不仅包括工业,还有科学政策、通讯以及专利权法等领域，故答案为C)。
57. 【定位】由题干中的America‟s Ph.D. training定 位到义章第一段第四句。
A)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，在我们现在培 训科学家的方式和他们真正能得到的就业机会之 间存在巨大的脱节,我们也急切地需要大力改善 培训计划,从而弥补这一差距,故答案为A)。
58. 【定位】由题干中的recommended和Ph. D.s and postdoctoral researchers定位到文章第二段第一句。
C)【精析】事实细节题。定位句指出，2002年.美同 实验生物学联合会建议每一位博士后研究员都应与一名顾问协商其个人发展计划.故答案为C)。
59.【定位】由题干中的Government agencies and the private sector, IDPs定位到文章第三段前两句。
【精析】事实细节题。定位句指出,长期以来,政府机构和私人机构都通过用个人发展计划来为他们的雇员和组织实现特定目标。目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的衡量工具,帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负,确定从事某些行业的可能性,并设立自标(通常是短期目标）,故答案为B)。
60.【定位】由题干中的myIDP定位到文章倒数第二段前两句。
【精析】事实细节题。定位句指出，出于这一目的，这周在网上就出现了一个免费的网络应用，名字叫\"我的个人发展计划\"。它的设计意图就是要为刚刚开始工作的科学家提供指引，进行秘密的却又严格的自省,建立量身定做的职业计划，故答案为A)。
Passage Two
在进入21世纪后的仅仅十余年中,女性在许多领域取得的进步都值得庆祝。她们在泰国、巴西、哥斯达黎加、澳大利亚等闻家都把持着最高的政治席位。在国际货币基金组织占据最高领导地位的是一位女性;赢得诺贝尔经济学雙的也是一位女性。北京白手起家的亿万富翁.硅谷的技术革新者,加纳的先驱法官以及在其他无数类似的地方,女性都留下了大名。 (61) 然而我们却不要高兴得太早了。在沙特阿拉伯,女性无权驾驶汽车。在巴基斯坦,每年有1000名女性死于\"名誉杀人\"。在发达国家,女性在薪金和政治力量方面都落后于男性。美国女性贫困率去年上升到了 14.5%。
为了确定女性所取得进步的程度,《新闻周刊》对165个国家进行了评比,重点关注影响女性生活的五个领域,其中包括在法制条件下所得到的待遇、就业、政治力量、受教育的机会和医疗保障情况。我们通过分析联合国和世界经济论坛等提供的数据,在向专家和学者进行咨询并综合了28种因素后,列出了各国排名。
(62) 获得最高分数的国家主要集中在西方,在那里性别歧视属于违法行为,平等权利也已通过宪法而被赋予了神圣的意义。然而,我们却也从中发现了一些令人惊讶的方面。(63)—些在其他方面排名很靠前的国家在政治代表方面分数相对较低。加拿大整体排名世界第三,但在政治力量方面的排名却仅为第 26名，落后于古巴、布隆迪等国家。这是不是说在国家高层工作的妇女可以为广大妇女赢得更好的生活？ 事实并非如此。(64)\"我们很难量化或测
量出在政治领域妇女的影响，因为极少有国家从事政治的妇女能撑起一片天。\"联合国妇女署和平与安全顾问安妮•玛丽•戈兹如是说。
当然,还没有哪种指数能够对此进行全面衡量。有关宣称一个国家比其他各国要更加优待其半数以 上公民的说法属于泛泛而谈。有些事物就是无法测量的。跨文化的比较也不能解释观念的不同。
然而,我们还是可以得出一些清晰的结论。一方面,我们的衡量指标与希拉里•克林顿在最近举行的 亚太经合组织峰会上所提出的简单却深刻的观点相一致。\"当我们释放了女性在经济方面的潜能时,我 们也就改善了社区、国家和世界在经济上的表现。\"她说,\"(65)当妇女拥有更多就业和参与国家经济生活的机会时,就会激发出这样一种效果——政治上愈加稳定,军事冲突越来越少,食物越来越多,儿童受教育的机会也越来越多。通过开发全体妇女在经济上的潜力,我们将会为全人类创造出更多机遇。\"
答案详解
61. 【定位】。由题干中的women‟s progress so far定位到文章第二段。
A) 【精析】观点态度题。定位段明确指出，然而我们 却不要高兴得太早了。在沙特阿拉伯，妇女无权驾驶汽车。在巴基斯坦,每年有1 000名女性死于\"名誉杀人\"。在发达国家,妇女在薪金和政治力量方面都落后于男性。美国妇女贫困率去年上升到了14.5%。由此可知,作者认为女性地位仍待提高,故答案为A)。
62. 【定位】由题干中的women made the greatest progress定位到文章第四段第一句。 B) 【精析】事实细节题。由文章第四段第一句可知，获得最高分数的国家主要集中在西方,在那里性 别歧视属于违法行为,平等权利也已通过宪法而被赋予了神圣的意义,故答案为B)。
63.【定位】根据题干中的Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada定位到文章第四段第三、 四句。
【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，一些在其他方 面排名很靠前的国家在政治代表方面分数相对较 低。加拿大整体排名世界第三,但在政治力量方 面的排名却仅为第26名，落后于古巴、布隆迪等 国家,故答案为D)。
64.【定位】由题干中的Anne-Marie Goetz定位到文章第四段最后一句。
【精析】观点态度题。定位句指出，我们很难量化或测量出妇女在政治领域的影响，因为极少有国家从事政治的妇女能撑起一片天,也就是说一位女性在高层并不能保证整个国家的女性生活得到改善，故答案为B)。
65. 【定位】由题干中的Hillary Clinton和make the world a better place定位到文章最后一段的引文部分。
D) 【精析】推理判断题。定位部分指出，当妇女拥有更多就业和参与国家经济生活的
机会时,就会激 发出这样一种效果——政治上愈加稳定，军事冲 突越来越少,食物越来越多,儿童受教育的机会也 越来越多。通过开发全体妇女在经济上的潜力， 我们将会为全人类创造出更多机遇，即她建议激 发女性的经济潜力,故答案为D)。
Prat4 Translation 参考译文与难点注释
Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate the harvest during the mid-autumn season, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in North America. The
tradition of celebrating Mid-autumn Festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang Dynasty. People worship the moon on August 15th in the Chinese lunar calendar. On this day, under the bright moon, families reunite and enjoy the moon‟s beauty. In 2006, Mid-autumn Festival was listed as one of China‟s cultural heritages, and in 2008, it was classified as a public holiday. Moon cakes, as indispensable delicious food of the Festival * are chosen as gifts sent to relatives and friends and usually enjoyed at family gatherings. There are characters, like \"longevity\
1.第一句中在中秋时节\"可以译为during the mid¬autumn season
2.第二句中这\"代表的是前半句中的\"在中秋时节 庆祝丰收\"，翻译时采用which引导的定语从句。\"与十分相似\"可用be similar to来表达。
3. 第三句中，\"在中国各地开始流行\"可以翻译为became popular throughout China。 4. 第四句中农历\"是中国的传统历法，翻译时在具体日期后加 in the Chinese lunar calendar。\"拜月\" 在这里可以翻译为worship the moon。
5. 第五句中，\"皓月当空\"用来形黎夜晚宁静美好的氛围,译文中采用了 under the bright moon的表述方式。
6. 第六句中被列为中国的文化遗产\"译为was listed as one of China‟s cultural heritages,\"公共假日\"译为 public holiday。
7. 第七、八句中，*避免重复可采用省略的方式进行 处理,即将第一个分句处理为as引导的介词短语， 修饰主语Moon cakes,第二个分句翻译成主句的 谓语部分。
卷3
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark \"The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.\" You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part 3 Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line
through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Cell phones provide instant access to people. They are creating a major 36 in the social
experiences of both children and adolescents. In one recent US survey, about half the teens polled said that their cell phone had 37 their communication with friends. Almost all said that their cell phone was the way they stayed in touch with peers, one-third had used the cell phone to help a peer in need, and about 80% said the phone made them feel safer. Teenagers in Australia, 38 said that their mobile phones provided numerous benefits and were an 39 part of their lives, some were so 40 to their phones that the researchers considered it an addiction. In Japan, too, researchers are concerned about cell phone addiction. Researchers in one study in Tokyo found that more than half of junior high school students used their phones to exchange e-mails with schoolmates more than 10 times a day.
Cell phones 41 social connections with peers across time and space. They allow young people to exchange moment-by-moment experiences in their daily lives with special partners and thus to have a more 42 sense of connection with friends. Cell phones also can 43 social tolerance because they reduce children‟s interactions with others who are different from them. In addition to connecting peers, cell phones connect children and parents. Researchers studying teenagers in Israel concluded that, in that 44 environment, mobile phones were regarded as \"security objects\" in parent-teen relationships— important because they provided the possibility of 45 and communication at all times.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 A) affiliated F) diminish K) instantaneous B) attached G) endurance L) intrinsic C) contact H) foster M) relatively D) contend I) hazardous N) shift E) continuous J) improved O) similarly Section B
Directions： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Waste Not, Want Not
Feeding the 9 Billion: The Tragedy of Waste
A) By 2075, the United Nations‟ mid-range projection for global population is about 9.5 billion. This means that there could be an extra three billion mouths to feed by the end of the century, a period in which substantial changes are anticipated in the wealth, calorie intake and dietary preferences of people in developing countries across the world. Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today to ensure a sustainable future for all. One key issue is how to produce more food
in a world of finite resources.
B) Today, we produce about four billion metric tonnes of food per year. Yet due to poor practices in harvesting, storage and transportation, as well as market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that 30-50% of all food produced never reaches a human stomach. Furthermore, this figure does not reflect the fact that large amounts of land, energy, fertilisers and water have also been lost in the production of foodstuffs which simply end up as waste. This level of wastage is a tragedy that cannot continue if we are to succeed in the challenge of sustainably meeting our future food demands.
Where Food Waste Happens
C) In 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers identified three principal emerging population groups across the world, based on characteristics associated with their current and projected stage of economic development.
• Fully developed, mature, post-industrial societies, such as those in Europe, characterised by stable or declining populations which are increasing in age.
• Late-stage developing nations that are currently industrialising rapidly, for example China, which will experience declining rates of population growth, coupled with increasing affluence (富裕）and age profile.
• Newly developing countries that are beginning to industrialise, primarily in Africa, with high to very high population growth rates, and characterised by a predominantly young age profile.
D) Each group over the coming decades will need to address different issues surrounding food production, storage and transportation, as well as consumer expectations, if we are to continue to feed all our people.
E) In less-developed countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occur primarily at the farmer-producer end of the supply chain. Inefficient
harvesting, inadequate local transportation and poor infrastructure (基础设施）mean that produce is frequently handled inappropriately and stored under unsuitable farm site conditions.
F) In mature, fully developed countries such as the UK, more-efficient farming practices and better transport, storage and processing facilities ensure that a larger proportion of the food produced reaches markets and consumers. However, characteristics associated with modern consumer culture mean produce is often wasted through retail and customer behaviour. G) Major supermarkets, in meeting consumer expectations, will often reject entire crops of perfectly edible fruit and vegetables at the farm because they do not meet exacting marketing standards for their physical characteristics, such as size and appearance.
H) Of the produce that does appear in the supermarket, commonly used sales promotions frequently encourage customers to purchase excessive quantities which, in the case of perishable foodstuffs, inevitably generate wastage in the home. Overall between 30% and 50% of what has been bought in developed countries is thrown away by the purchaser.
Better Use of Our Finite Resources
I) Wasting food means losing not only life-supporting nutrition but also precious resources,
including land, water and energy. As a global society, therefore, tackling food waste will help contribute towards addressing a number of key resource issues.
J) Land Usage：Over the last five decades, improved farming techniques and technologies have helped to significantly increase crop yields along with a 12% expansion of farmed land use. However, a further increase in farming area without impacting unfavorably on what remains of the world‟s natural ecosystems appears unlikely. The challenge is that an increase in animal-based production will require more land and resources, as livestock (牲畜）farming demands extensive land use.
K) Water Usage: Over the past century, human use of fresh water has increased at more than double the rate of population growth. Currently about 3.8 trillion m of water is used by humans per year. About 70% of this is consumed by the global agriculture sector, and the level of use will continue to rise over the coming decades.
L) Better irrigation can dramatically improve crop yield and about 40% of the world's food supply is currently derived from irrigated land. However, water used in irrigation is often sourced unsustainably. In processing foods after the agricultural stage, there are large additional uses of water that need to be tackled in a world of growing demand. This is particularly crucial in the case of meat production, where beef uses about 50 times more water than vegetables. In the future, more effective washing techniques, management procedures, and recycling and purification of water will be needed to reduce wastage.
M) Energy Usage: Energy is an essential resource across the entire food production cycle, with estimates showing an average of 7-10 calories of input being required in the production of one calorie of food. This varies dramatically depending on crop, from three calories for plant crops to 35 calories in the production of beef. Since much of this energy comes from the
utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes to unnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation.
N) In the modern industrialised agricultural process---which developing nations are moving towards in order to increase future yields—energy usage in the making and application of
fertilisers and pesticides represents the single biggest component. Wheat production takes 50% of its energy input for these two items alone. Indeed, on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the world's annual natural gas supply. With production anticipated to increase by 25% between now and 2030, sustainable energy sourcing will become an increasingly major issue. Energy to power machinery, both on the farm and in the storage and processing facilities, adds to the energy total, which currently represents about 3.1% of annual global energy consumption.
Recommendations
O) Rising population combined with improved nutrition standards and shifting dietary preferences will exert pressure for increases in global food supply. Engineers, scientists and agriculturalists have the knowledge, tools and systems that will assist in achieving productivity increases. However, pressure will grow on finite resources of land, energy and water. The potential to provide 60-100% more food by simply eliminating losses, while simultaneously freeing up land, energy and water resources for other uses, is an opportunity that should not be ignored. In order to begin tackling the challenge, the Institution recommends that:
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization work with the international engineering community to ensure governments of developed nations put in place programmes that transfer
engineering knowledge, design know-how, and suitable technology to newly developing countries. This will help improve produce handling in the harvest, and immediate post-harvest stages of food production.
• Governments of rapidly developing countries incorporate waste minimisation thinking into the transport infrastructure and storage facilities currently being planned, engineered and built. • Governments in developed nations devise and implement policy that changes consumer expectations. These should discourage retailers from wasteful practices that lead to the rejection of food on the basis of cosmetic characteristics, and losses in the home due to excessive purchasing by consumers.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
46. Elimination of waste alone can potentially provide over sixty percent more food for the growing world population.
47. The production and application of fertilisers and pesticides account for the largest part of energy use in the modern industrialised agricultural process.
48. Consumers in developed countries throw away nearly half of their food purchases because they tend to buy in excessive quantities.
49. It is recommended that engineering knowledge and suitable technology in developed countries be introduced to developing countries to improve produce handling in the harvest. 50. The predicted global population growth means that ways have to be found to produce more food with finite resources.
51. A further expansion of farming area will adversely impact on the world‟s natural ecosystems.
52. Perfectly eatable fruit and vegetable crops often fail to reach supermarkets due to their size or physical appearance.
53. Poor practices in harvesting, storage and transportation have resulted in a waste of much of the food we produce and thus a waste of land and resources.
54. Food waste in less-developed countries happens mainly at the producers‟ end. 55. Beef consumes far more water to produce than vegetables. Section C
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B) ,C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Call it the learning paradox\"; the more you struggle and even fail while you're trying to learn new information, the better you're likely to recall and apply that information later.
The learning paradox is at the heart of \"productive failure,\" a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, it‟s better to let the learners wrestle (较劲）with the material on their own for a while, refraining from giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published recently, Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools.
With one group of students, the teacher provided strong \"scaffolding\"—instructional
support- and feedback. With the teacher's help, these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems. Meanwhile, a second group was directed to solve the same problems by
collaborating with one another, without any prompts from their instructor. These students weren‟t able to complete the problems correctly. But in the course of trying to do so, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like. And when the two groups were tested on what they‟d learned» the second group “significantly outperformed” the first.
The apparent struggles of the floundering (挣扎的）group have what Kapur calls a \"hidden efficacy\": they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems, not simply their correct solutions. When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test, they‟re able to transfer the knowledge they've gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else‟s expertise.
In the real world, problems rarely come neatly packaged, so being able to discern their deep structure is key. But, Kapur notes, none of us like to fail, no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and burns. So we need to “design for productive failure\" by building it into the learning process, Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle. First, choose problems to work on that \"challenge but do not frustrate.” Second, provide learners with
opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they‟re doing. Third, give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems. And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style: you'll thank me later.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. Why does the author call the learning process a paradox? A) Pains do not necessarily lead to gains. B) What is learned is rarely applicable in life. C) Failure more often than not breeds success. D) The more is taught, the less is learnt. 57. What does Kapur disapprove of in teaching?
A) Asking students to find and solve problems on their own. B) Developing students' ability to apply what they learn. C) Giving students detailed guidance and instruction.
D) Allowing students a free hand in problem solving.
58. What do people tend to think of providing strong \"scaffolding\" in teaching? A) It will make teaching easier. C) It can motivate average students. B) It is a sensible way of leaching. D)It will enhance students' confidence. 59. What kind of problem should be given to students to solve according to Kapur? A) It should be able to encourage collaborative learning. B) It should be easy enough so as not to frustrate students. C) It should be solvable by average students with ease. D) It should be difficult enough but still within their reach.
60. What can be expected of \"this tough-love teaching style\" (Line 8. Para. 5)? A) Students will be grateful in the long run. B) Teachers will meet with a lot of resistance. C) Parents will think it too harsh on their kids. D) It may not be able to yield the desired results. Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Vernon Bowman, a 75-year-old farmer from rural Indiana, did something that got him sued. He planted soybeans (大豆）sold as cattle feed. But Monsanto, the agricultural giant, insists it has a patent on the kind of genetically modified seeds Bowman used—and that the patent continues to all of the progeny (后代）of those seeds.
Have we really gotten to the point that planting a seed can lead to a high-stakes Supreme Court patent lawsuit? We have, and that case is Bowman vs. Monsanto, which is being argued on Tuesday. Monsanto's critics have attacked the company for its “merciless legal battles against small farmers,\" and they are hoping this will be the case that puts it in its place. They are also
hoping the court‟s ruling will rein in patent law, which is increasingly being used to claim new life forms as private property.
Monsanto and its supporters, not surprisingly, see the case very differently. They argue that when a company like Monsanto goes to great expense to create a valuable new genetically
modified seed; it must be able to protect its property interests. If farmers like Bowman are able to use these seeds without paying the designated fee, it will remove the incentives for companies like Monsanto to innovate.
Monsanto accused Bowman of patent infringement and won an $ 84 456 damage award. Rather than pay up or work out a settlement. Bowman decided to appeal all the way to the
Supreme Court. He said \"Monsanto should not be able, just because they've got billions of dollars to spend on legal fees, to try to terrify farmers into obeying their agreements by massive force and threats.\"
The central issue in the case is whether patent rights to living things extend to the progeny of those things. Monsanto argues that its patents extend to later generations. But Bowman's
supporters argue that Monsanto is trying to expand the scope of patents in ways that would enrich big corporations and hurt small farmers. They say that if Monsanto wins, the impact will extend far beyond agriculture—locking up property rights in an array of important areas. Knowledge Ecology International contends that the Supreme Court's ruling could have \"profound effects\" on other biotech industries.
If this were a Hollywood movie, the courageous old Indiana farmer would beat the profit-minded corporation before the credits rolled. But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations. This case gives the court an opportunity to rein in the growing use of patents to protect genetically engineered crops and other life forms—but the court may well use it to give this trend a powerful new endorsement.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 61. Why did Vernon Bowman get sued?
A) He used genetically modified seeds to feed his cattle. B) He planted soybeans without paying for the patent. C) He made a profit out of Monsanto‟s commercial secrets. D) He obtained Monsanto's patented seeds by illegal means. 62. What are Monsanto‟s critics hoping the Supreme Court will do? A) Allow small farmers to grow genetically modified soybeans. B) Punish Monsanto for infringing on small farmers' interests. C) Rule against Monsanto's excessive extension of its patent rights. D) Abolish the patent law concerning genetically engineered seeds. 63. What is the argument of Monsanto and its supporters? A) Patent rights should be protected to encourage innovation. B) Bowman cannot plant the seeds without Monsanto's consent. C) Monsanto has the right to recover the costs of its patented seeds. D) Patent law on genetically modified seeds should not be challenged. 64. What is the key issue in the Bowman V5. Monsanto case? A) Whether patent for seeds is harmful to agricultural production. B) Whether the biotech industry should take priority over agriculture. C) Whether measures should be introduced to protect small farmers. D) Whether patent for living things applies to their later generations. 65. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A) Hollywood movies usually have an unexpected, dramatic impact on real-life arguments. B) The Supreme Court will try to change its reputation for supporting large corporations. C) The Supreme Court is likely to persuade the parties concerned to work out a settlement.
D) The ruling would be in Bowman's favor if the case were argued in a Hollywood movie. Part 4 Translation (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝纲之路延伸6 000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝網之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝網之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，敗洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国的需求。
The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. The Silk Road represents the ancient Chinese silk trade. The Silk Road trade played an important role in China, South Asia, Europe and Africa. It was through the Silk Road that Chinese papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and the printing press spread all over the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread all over the world through the Silk Road. And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.
China is well known for its introduction of ways and means to help ease the life of mankind.Among the inventions of Ancient China, four emerged as great contributions to thedevelopments and changes not only to the country, but also to the world’s economy andculture. The Great Four Inventions of ancient China were papermaking, commercial printing,gunpowder, and the compass. China’s four great ancient inventions made tremendouscontributions to the world’s economy and the culture of mankind. They were also importantsymbols of China’s role as a great world civilization.
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